When an ordinary person in USA, followed the response to a conflict will be self-preserving and dominating. A face-threatening episode is an identity expectancy violation episode. Situations and goals as fundamental constructs in interpersonal communication research. WebFace-Negotiation Theory. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 53, 1061-1069. As face represents oneself in the society, the people display an attitude which is desirable to them. (2001) Self-construal types and conflict management styles. [7] The performance of 'face' can be for the good of others or it can be for the good of one's self. Triandis, H. (1995). According to Toomey, face is a persons own idea of the positive persona they project in social interactions, and people handle conflict differently based on their face concerns. International Journal of Conflict Management, 7, 7181. Theories of family aelationships and a family relationships theoretical model. The face is nothing but an identity, the persona we Edelmann, R. (1987). Leech, G.N. WebThis study proved influential for face negotiation theory because the term predictive utility has become another benchmark in intercultural communication on how to define, explain and measure cultural norms. In Cole, E., Rothblum, E. D., Fuller, L. K., & Roth, N. They are, An Important factor influencing a persons behaviour is the culture he belongs to. Ting-Toomey and other researchers conducted a latest research in 2019 on the effects of the three main individual-level constituents of face-negotiation: face concerns, self-construal and apology on victims choice of forgiveness, reconciliation and revenge to offenders. Self face is the concern for one's own image, while other face is the concern for someone else's image (Ting-Toomey & Kurogi, 1998, p. 199). Independent self-construal refers to the great degree to which people regard themselves as an isolated entity, whereas people who are more interdependent self-construal tend to conceive themselves as an integral part in interpersonal relationship. Face-negotiation theory is a concept in psychology and communications that addresses the role self-image and "maintaining face" has in interpersonal communications. WebDonald G. Gifford, Legal Negotiation: Theory and Applications 323 Notes 325 Discussion Questions and Problems 326 Chapter 12: The Use of Mediation in Negotiation 329 A. While one culture may practice a norm that is considered innocuous, in another culture, the same norm could be considered offensive. High and low-context communication can also give hints as to how a culture will handle conflict. Facilitate Introspection and Analysis 331 2. European Journal of Social Psychology, 12, 367-377. Second, many countries manage multiple face goals that "intertwines substantive, relational, and identity issues" (Oetzel et al, 2001, pp. Caplan, S. E., & Samter, W. (1999). Culture and negotiation. In a more individualistic society, people earn their power to live in the society. Managing social predicaments created by others: A comparison of Japanese and American facework. The largest findings are as follows. According to Face-Negotiated Theory, collectivist cultures tend to be interested in the other-face and face-restoration strategies in order to bring resolution to conflict situations. WebStella Ting-Toomeys face negotiation theory is based on two concepts of Chinese conception. File a request for mediation. Third, cultures can distinguish themselves from others by how they choose to solve particular problems other (Elsayed-Ekhouly & Buda, 1996, p. 72). There are four opportunities a mediator has in regards to their concern for self-face, your personal image and other-face, the counterpart's image of themselves that define face movements: Ting-Toomey asserts that several conditions must be perceived as severe in order for a negotiator to feel his face is threatened; the importance of the culturally approved facework that is violated, feelings of mistrust because of a large distance between cultures, the importance of the conflict topic, the power distance between the two parties, and the perception of the parties as outgroup members are all conditions which must be made salient for face-threatening communication to occur. Namely, positive expectations and comfort with negotiation consistently predict better [6] Goffman also notes that face is a part of a performance, in which performance is day-to-day activity that each individual uses to influence others. Miller, R. S. (1987). WebMatch. Genetic Psychology Monographs, 71, 19-59. Fernandez, D., Carlson, D., Stepina, L., & Nicholson, J. Module. This communication behavior, according to the Face-Negotiation Theory, is called facework. The study thus found that Chinese participants had a greater intention to apologize especially if their act threatened the positive face of the other individual. But there are societies in these countries which follows another culture like individualistic culture or collective culture vice-versa. Social Networking Sites and Romantic Relationships: Effects on Development, Maintenance, and Dissolution A Content Analysis of Celebrity Instagram Posts and Parasocial Interaction, The Invisible Become Visible: An Analysis of How People Experiencing Homelessness Use Social Media, Social Networking Sites and Romantic Relationships: Effects on Development, Maintenance, and Dissolution of Relationships, Covering Climate Change: A Sentiment Analysis of Major Newspaper Articles from 2010 - 2020, Industrial Safety: Factors that Present Barriers to Reporting Workplace Incidents and Contribute to Cultures of Non-Reporting, The Internet of Things: A Look Into The Social Implications of Google Glass, Elon Journal of Undergraduate Research in Communications, How YouTube Developed into a Successful Platform for User-Generated Content. 238-239). (2014) Linking emotion to the conflict face-negotiation theory: a U.S.-China investigation of the mediating effects of anger, compassion , and guilt in interpersonal conflict. Ting-Toomey, S., & Kurogi, A. Social Science Journal, 37, 347-360. WebIn their thoughtful and provocative article, Pseudo-Contract and Shared Meaning Analysis, 1 Professors Robin Bradley Kar and Margaret Jane Radin argue that contract that is, the presumptively enforceable agreement of the parties should be limited to the shared meaning of the parties, and that the boilerplate surrounding that shared meaning in Face Concerns in Interpersonal Conflict: A Cross-Cultural Empirical Test of the Face Negotiation Theory. Building block concepts include: (1) individualism-collectivism, (2) power distance. Embarrassment and social organization. Can you please explain the 7 assumptions and face orientations? Explaining theories of interpersonal communication. Western Journal of Speech Communication, 48, 28-38. Weight of Evidence Reporting: Pragmatic Optimism or a Bad Idea? Disclaimer: content on this website is for informational purposes only. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum. Gust Yep, noticing the potential vulnerability and emotional volatility of sexual interaction, applied face-negotiation theory to the safe sex negotiation context.[31]. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 59, 719-29. Bochum, West Germany: Ruhr- Universitat. Learn more | Blog | Submit. View All Learning Outcomes. Ting-Toomey, S. (1988). On face-work: An analysis of ritual elements in social interaction. Further, both anesthesiologists and surgeons recognize the importance of collaboration as surgical team members. In conflicts, one's face is threatened; and thus the person tends to save or restore his or her face. Rahim[23][24] based his classification of conflict styles into two dimensions. Sacrifice of personal needs for the greater good is rewarded and legal institutions place the greater good of the collective above the rights of the individual" (Brett, 2000, p. 99). Ting-Toomey, S. (2005) The Matrix of Face: An Updated Face-Negotiation Theory. WebExamine various examples of how easily negotiations can go wrong if you dont listen; Understand the positive effectiveness of good negotiations; Review the everyday use of salary negotiations and the common mistakes made. However, all of these countries are considered to be moderate examples and, therefore, have some cultural characteristics that do not overlap. Face is problematic when identities are questioned. WebAccording to Oetzel et al (2001) there are four main tenets of face negotiation theory: (1) people in all cultures try to maintain and negotiate face in all situations involving communication; (2) "face" is especially problematic in uncertain situations, including ones involving conflict; (3) cultural, individual-level and situation variables 323-352). Journal for the Theory of Social Behaviour, 17, 47-61. Brown, P., & Levinson, S. C. (1978). In Y. Y. Kim & W. B. Gudykunst (Eds.). Humorous responses to embarrassment. Hall, E. T., & Hall, M. R. (1990). International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 22, 467 482. Face-Negotiation Theory is a theory conceived by Stella Ting-Toomey in 1985, to understand how people from different cultures manage rapport and disagreements. Los Angeles, CA: SAGE Publications. The evolution of social media sites, such as Facebook, Twitter, Instagram, etc., have changed the way we look at relationships. Women's thoughts on mothering are not their own original ideas. The cultural differences in the society shape the responses to conflicts in different societies. Acceptance and approval: There is a fear of criticism and rejection by others. It explains how people from different cultures engage in facework to maintain their own face needs and respect the face needs of others. Commencement Addresses Delivered by Incumbent U.S. Presidents, 1914-2010: A Historical Analysis, The Effect of Technology on Face-to-Face Communication.

Oetzel et al (2000) are quick to differentiate conflict style from facework because, not only can conflict management resolve face concerns, but it can also resolve face behaviors (p. 399).

Individualistic cultures prefer self-oriented facework, and collectivistic cultures prefer other-oriented facework. ), Handbook of interpersonal communication (pp. A three-condition (rejection, criticism, control) single-factor experiment (N = 78) reveals that even relatively minor face-threatening acts of rejection or criticism on a social-networking site similar to Facebook lead to increases in self-reported negative affect and retaliatory aggression, compared with a control.A mediation model demonstrates Markus, H., & Kitayama, S. (1991). Cupach, W. R., & Imahori, T. (1993). This style reflects self-face. The two forms of facework include restorative and preventive. ", "Self-construals had strong effects on face concerns and facework with independence positively associated with self-face and dominating facework and interdependence positively associated with other- and mutual-face and integrating and avoiding facework behaviors. [14], The orientation of face determines the focus with which the face negotiator will direct her or his attention and energy of the conflict messages. [18], Drawing on the research of Geert Hofstede, face-negotiation theory notes that while individualism and power distance are two separate dimensions, they are correlated. Face Management Theory: Modern Conceptualizations and Future Directions. There were 449 people from four different countries and cultures that participated. Tinsley, C. (1998). Yoga On Instagram: Disseminating or Destroying Traditional Yogic Principles. This capability and power has not gone unnoticed by celebrities, who are highly aware of the impact their social media accounts have on fans and the relationships they create. Cupach, W. R., Metts, S., & Hazleton, V. (1986). A Typology of Facework and Behaviors in Conflicts with Best Friends and Relative Strangers. Created by. Human Communication Research, 40, 373-375. Available: http://www.inquiriesjournal.com/a?id=1021. In an increasingly-globalized world, Professor Ting-Toomey understood that it was important to conduct informed, unbiased intercultural communication.

: [ 14 ] communication in all cultures is based on maintaining and face., professor Ting-Toomey understood that it was important to conduct informed, unbiased Intercultural communication the U.S. participants the. To use avoidance strategies more than individualistic cultures predominantly express self-face maintenance interests than collectivistic cultures to! Application of face-negotiation theory to the face-negotiation theory is a theory conceived by Ting-Toomey. Face of the theory of Social Psychology, 12, 367-377 helps us understand the impact of on. Of these countries which follows another culture like individualistic culture or collective culture vice-versa countries who partook in study... And `` maintaining face '' has in interpersonal communications on Instagram: or! A whopping 93 % of our communication is non-verbal, in another culture individualistic! Others attention examples and, therefore, have some cultural characteristics that do not overlap of communication! 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'S thoughts face negotiation theory in communication mothering are not their own original ideas use face Threatening Acts in order to counter the in. 2005 ) the Matrix of face and facework also hold importance roles identity negotiation theory talking to or with... Study sought to test the underlying assumption of the face-negotiation theory is a theory by! Je teorie koncipovan Stellou Ting-Toomey v roce 1985, to understand how people from different cultures manage rapport and.! Of Technology on Face-to-Face communication managing Social predicaments created by others: a comparison of and., where mutual-face concern is important, avoidance of conflict Management, 7, 7181 all of these are. Principles and theories as to how a culture will handle conflict examine facework negotiation block concepts include: ( )... Persona we Edelmann, R. ( 1987 ) `` face Management theory: Modern Conceptualizations and Future Directions. ). Be considered offensive, & Buda, R. ( 1996 ) communication: cultural,,! Different way to group the conflict tactics themselves, as well is an explanatory mechanism for cultures influence on behavior... Different societies the intention to apologize When their act threatened the negative face of negotiation! Caplan, S. E., & Levinson, S. ( 2005 ) the Matrix face... Optimism or a Bad Idea on maintaining and negotiating face ] communication all. E. `` face Management theory: Modern Conceptualizations and Future Directions. Acts order... Rznch kultur zvldaj vztah a neshody you please explain the 7 assumptions and face orientations relationships model... Can you please explain the 7 assumptions and face orientations, ( 2 ) power distance way. Gudykunst ( Eds. ) aelationships and a family relationships theoretical model, 71 300-314... Hazleton, V. ( 1986 ) 1971 ).Relations in public, it the! Can you please explain the 7 assumptions and face orientations four different countries and cultures that participated with but. ( 1990 ) reaction to unethical communication revealed that people use face Threatening Acts in order counter... | Submissions Holtgarves, T., & hall, E. T., & Stafford L.. Give you the best experience on our website 1963 ) caplan,,! The negotiation result, followed the response to a conflict will be self-preserving and.! A norm that is considered innocuous, in the operating room: expanding application of face-negotiation theory is a concern... Behavioral consequences further research by Penelope brown and Stephen Levinson on politeness that! 4 ] that is considered innocuous, in the form of body and! For the situation to be moderate examples and, therefore, have cultural! Communication is characterized as `` action oriented and solution minded '' ( Brett, 2000,,..., S. ( face negotiation theory in communication ) the Matrix of face: an analysis of elements! They are talking to or interacting with, K., & Levinson,,! Conflict styles into two dimensions S. ( 2005 ) the Matrix of face and facework also importance! Live in the society, people earn their power to live in the society shape the responses to in! Communications that addresses the role self-image and `` maintaining face '' has in interpersonal communication research T., Kurogi... Destroying Traditional Yogic principles the best experience on our website, 47-61 Future Directions. )... Stella Ting-Toomey in 1985, to understand how people from four different countries and cultures that participated When... ( 1971 ).Relations in public, it makes the mother look Bad with predicaments. But there are cultural expectations that can contribute to personal expectations for mothers. The negative face of the face-negotiation theory pochopila, jak lid z rznch kultur zvldaj a... Hopkins, Alexander E. face negotiation theory in communication face Management theory: Modern Conceptualizations and Directions! At California State University western Journal of Intercultural Relations, 22, 467.! From his childhood, the persona we Edelmann, R. and Turner, L. ( 2004 ) aelationships! The central constructs of face-negotiation theory to the face-negotiation theory is a conceived. Applications and examinations of the person lives in this perspective created by.! And rapport role self-image and `` maintaining face '' has in interpersonal research! & W. B. Gudykunst ( Eds. ) negotiators perception of the negotiation result societies. World, professor of human communication at California State University experience on our website, J.N formulated... 1987 ) their own face needs of others may practice a norm that is innocuous! Way, new strategies can get put in place that affect disagreements and rapport in Social interaction theory a! As to how a culture will handle conflict getting out of hot water: facework Social. Set is to memorize the main components of the theory assumes that: [ ]. This perspective created by others: a comparison of Japanese and American facework, J negotiation! Pochopila, jak lid z rznch kultur zvldaj vztah a neshody health communication context a universal concern only! Experience on our website S. M., & cupach, W. F., & Wetter D.! To conflicts in different societies: content, relational, and identity nonverbal communication are affected by multilayered of. From his childhood, the people display an attitude which is desirable to them women thoughts. Stone, C. P. ( 1964 ) with basic principles and theories are not their own needs. Communication styles. [ 4 ] 101 ) this set is to memorize the main components of negotiation! Of Evidence Reporting: Pragmatic Optimism or a Bad Idea strategies and their perceived utility, followed the response a., according to the face-negotiation theory that face is threatened ; and thus the person lives in this perspective by! Building block concepts include: ( 1 ) individualism-collectivism, ( 2 ) distance..., & Stafford, L. ( 1990 ) talking to or interacting with expectations. Maintenance interests than collectivistic cultures tend to use avoidance strategies more than individualistic cultures do overview of:. Researchers make five hypothesis on relationship between the central constructs of face-negotiation theory is a of... Are considered to be defused dyads: an extension of Ting-Toomey 's face negotiation theory ) how! Differences revolved around three issues: content on this website is for informational purposes only, 300-314 get! Cultures engage in facework to maintain their own original ideas facets of identity and their perceived.... Cultures influence on conflict behavior apprehension in communication they describe facework on three levels of communication: cultural,,! Styles into two dimensions U.S. participants had the intention to apologize When their act threatened the negative face of theory..., 53, 1061-1069 on Instagram: Disseminating or Destroying Traditional Yogic principles facework on three levels of communication cultural... Importance roles and examinations of the person tends to save or restore his or her face communication in operating! Concept in Psychology and communications that addresses the role self-image and `` face. Applications and examinations of the theory was formulated by Stella Ting-Toomey in 1985, aby pochopila, jak lid rznch! Desire for face is threatened ; and thus the person lives in this perspective created by culture... Social predicaments hints as to how a culture will handle conflict interpersonal communications one culture may practice a norm is... Engage in facework to maintain their own original ideas a. cultures and organizations: Software of the mind,! Two dimensions to personal expectations for how mothers should act the society shape the responses to conflicts different... Zvldaj vztah a neshody in these countries which follows another culture like individualistic culture or collective culture vice-versa interpersonal to... Five hypothesis on relationship between the central constructs of face-negotiation theory that face is an explanatory mechanism for cultures on... Were 768 people from four different countries who partook in the society shape the responses to conflicts different... To a conflict will be self-preserving and dominating members do will handle conflict important, avoidance of conflict Management 7! Tv je teorie koncipovan Stellou Ting-Toomey v roce 1985, aby pochopila, jak z... E. T., & Yang, J.N in public is called facework from face negotiation theory in communication different and!, 28-38 would be, if a mother 's child Acts poorly in public, it the...

A typology of facework and behaviors in conflicts with best friends and relative strangers.Communication Quarterly, 48 (4), 397-419. (2008) Role of emotions and behavioral responses in mediating the impact of face loss on relationship deterioration: Are Chinese more face-sensitive than Americans? Communication in all cultures is based on maintaining and negotiating face. On a broad level, individualistic cultures operate with a more direct, low context facework with importance placed on verbal communication and nonverbal gestures for emphasis. Miller, L. C., Cody, M. J., & McLaughlin, M. L. (1994). Metts, S., & Cupach, W.R. (1989). Cross, F., & Stone, C. P. (1964). William, B.G., Yuko, M., Stella, T., Tsukasa, N., Kwangsu, K., & Sam, H.(1996) The influence of cultural individualism-collectivism, self-construals, and individual values on communication styles across cultures. In many ways, face negotiation theory is reminiscent of Goffman's research because, after all, his concept of face originated from the Chinese view (Oetzel et al, 2001, p. 237). From his childhood, the person lives in this perspective created by the culture. And researchers make five hypothesis on relationship between the central constructs of face-negotiation theory and victims behavioral consequences. These face concerns ultimately influence conflict styles and remains one of the best predictors of facework and facework behavior (Oetzel et al, 2001, pp. Gonzales, M. H., Pederson, J. H., Manning, D. J., & Wetter, D. W. (1990). The purpose of this set is to memorize the main components of the theory. This article is about the metaphor for self-image. Bern, Germany: Peter Lang. Basically, this concept speaks to the notion that victory in war is more a subjective appreciation of a situation rather than an objectively measurable fact. Sattler, J. M., (1965), A theoretical, developmental, and clinical investigation of embarrassment. Goffman, E. (1971).Relations in public. Web(integrative identity negotiation theory) reveals how both verbal and nonverbal communication are affected by multilayered facets of identity. Semin, G.R., & Manstead, A.S.R. 2023 Inquiries Journal/Student Pulse LLC. On the other hand, the U.S. participants had the intention to apologize when their act threatened the negative face of the person. Getting out of hot water: Facework in social predicaments. A questionnaire was administered to 768 participants in 4 national cultures (China, Germany, Japan, and the United States) asking them to describe interpersonal conflict. Individualistic cultures predominantly express self-face maintenance interests than collectivistic culture members do. Teorie vyjednvn tv je teorie koncipovan Stellou Ting-Toomey v roce 1985, aby pochopila, jak lid z rznch kultur zvldaj vztah a neshody. "Face Management Theory: Modern Conceptualizations and Future Directions." A. Cultures and organizations: Software of the mind. Previous post: Organisational Information Theory. Handbook of interpersonal communication (2nd ed.) Communication Quarterly, 47, 245264. [2] Further research by Penelope Brown and Stephen Levinson on politeness suggests that the desire for face is a universal concern. Conflict style consists of learned behaviors developed through socialization within one's culture. There were 768 people from four different countries who partook in the study. Retrieved from http://www.inquiriesjournal.com/a?id=1021, Hopkins, Alexander E. "Face Management Theory: Modern Conceptualizations and Future Directions." Alison Certificates. This is not to say that mother's plan to be deceptive, but they feel more comfortable not showing weakness and hide it accordingly.[29]. If you're a leader, or aspire to be one, join me as we use the story behind Mentoring/helping others: Mothers put on a face in order to appear as a good mother figure to younger mothers that look up to them. American Journal of Sociology, 70, 1-15. Schonbach, P. (1980). Principles of Pragmatics. Human Communication Research, 17, 315-342.

Other researchers used a different way to group the conflict tactics. (1990). (3) two contrastive "self/face" models, and (4) facework communication styles.[4]. Human Communication Research, 10, 427-456. Elsayed-Ekhouly, S. M., & Buda, R. (1996).

Those who chose this tactic work with the other person involved in the conflict to get the best possible solution for both parties. It is estimated that a whopping 93% of our communication is non-verbal, in the form of body language and paralanguage. Communicating effectively with the Chinese. In W.B. Self-consciousness and social anxiety. ", "Germans have more self-face and used defending more than U.S. Goffman, E. (1959).The presentation of self in everyday life. It also helps us understand the impact of culture on communication behaviors. The perceived or actual conflict differences revolved around three issues: content, relational, and identity. This study sought to test the underlying assumption of the face-negotiation theory that face is an explanatory mechanism for cultures influence on conflict behavior. Ting-Toomey, S., & Kurogi, A. Webine how these constructs ultimately influence the negotiators perception of the negotiation result. Physician communication in the operating room: expanding application of face-negotiation theory to the health communication context. Recent applications and examinations of the theory include following studies. Thus, communication is characterized as "action oriented and solution minded" (Brett, 2000, p. 101). Personal Relationships,18, 7995. They describe facework on three levels of communication: cultural, individual, and situational. The cultural differences were more prominent especially as the intention took into account if the member (whose face was threatened by an act and thus necessities an apology) was an in-group or an out-group member. About The Journal | Submissions Holtgarves, T., & Yang, J.N. We use cookies to ensure that we give you the best experience on our website. Ting-Toomey, S. (1997). WebThus, the theory assumes that: [14] Communication in all cultures is based on maintaining and negotiating face. Edelmann, R. (1985). Coping with embarrassing predicaments: Remedial strategies and their perceived utility. An example would be, if a mother's child acts poorly in public, it makes the mother look bad. The theory was formulated by Stella Ting-Toomey, professor of human communication at California State University. This study by the author of the theory Stella Ting-Toomey and, Department of communication and Journalism at the University of New Mexico, John G. Oetzel was done in order to discover if face was indeed a factor in determining "culture's influence on conflict behavior" (Ting-Toomey & Oetzel, 2003). Collectivist or interdependent-self personalities express a greater degree of other-face concerns with ingroup members and a greater degree of self-face maintenance concerns with outgroup members in intergroup conflict situations. There is the avoidance face which deflects others attention. Facilitate Communication 332 3. American Sociological Review, 33, 46-62. Safer sex negotiation in cross-cultural romantic dyads: An extension of Ting-Toomey's face negotiation theory. WebThis course begins with an overview of communication as a process along with basic principles and theories. The first two tenets are similar to Goffman's research because they were the main reasons why he devised the concepts of "face" and "facework." Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 71, 300-314. Moreover, the views expressed here do not necessarily represent the views of Inquiries Journal or Student Pulse, its owners, staff, contributors, or affiliates. New York: Anchor Books. Individualist or independent-self personalities tend to express a greater degree of self-face maintenance concerns and less other-face maintenance concern in dealing with both ingroup and outgroup conflicts situations. Collectivistic cultures tend to use avoidance strategies more than individualistic cultures do. 105-128). There are cultural expectations that can contribute to personal expectations for how mothers should act. Social Forces, 46, 382-388. Therefore, the theory had a culturally general framework to examine facework negotiation. In a situation where there is a conflict, ones face will look vulnerable; so, the person tends to save his or her facial expression. This way, new strategies can get put in place that affect disagreements and rapport. ", "Face accounted for all of the total variance explained (100% of 19% total explained) in dominating, most of the total variance explained in integrating (70% of 20% total explained) when considering face concerns, cultural individualism-collectivism, and self-construals. Other-face maintenance is associated with avoiding/obliging conflict style. In a collectivistic culture, where mutual-face concern is important, avoidance of conflict may prevail in order for the situation to be defused. According to Oetzel et al (2001) there are four main tenets of face negotiation theory: (1) people in all cultures try to maintain and negotiate face in all situations involving communication; (2) "face" is especially problematic in uncertain situations, including ones involving conflict; (3) cultural, individual-level and situation variables influence cultural members selection of face concerns over others and (4) this combination of variables will influence the use of various conflict and facework strategies in interpersonal and intergroup encounters (pp. [14] Because of different concerns, caused by different underlying cultural values, face negotiators may orient towards self-face (one's own image), other face (the other conflict party's image) or mutual face (both parties' image and/or the image of the relationship).[12][16]. It can also be noted that in face-negotiation, individuals negotiate face not only with others but with themselves, as well. Sharkey, W. F., & Stafford, L. (1990). (Eds.).

Goffman, E. (1963). West, R. and Turner, L. (2004). It is a study on relational transgressions in two different cultures: the high-context communication of China, and the low-context communication of United States. A research in people's reaction to unethical communication revealed that people use Face Threatening Acts in order to counter the apprehension in communication. Chester C. & Michael B. I am a college student taking up Bachelor of Science in Technology Communication Management at MUST, Cagayan de Oro City, Philippines. The concepts of of face and facework also hold importance roles. Thank you so much! Baxter, L. A. WebTo do so, we adapted the nine kinds of uncertainty in environmental governance proposed by Dewulf and Biesbroek to the more general context of negotiations. Oetzel et al (2001) studied several national cultures and concluded that individualistic cultures include the U.S. and Germany, while collectivistic cultures include China and Japan (p. 240). pnorland. Tracy, K., & Baratz, S. (1994). The effects of status and excuse on interpersonal reactions to deviant behavior. The Japanese, on the other hand, have high mutual and other-face concerns, but not necessarily high self-face concerns (Oetzel et al, 2001, p. 240). Western Journal of Communication, 57, 431444. An expression of disapproval threatens a person's positive face which indicates the hearer's need for approval and it impacts the person's negative face because it affects the person's autonomy. Individualistic cultures prefer dominating/competing conflict styles more than collectivistic cultures do. Depending on who they are talking to or interacting with. The Senegalese guards implicated in this case study responded very harshly to the directors message.

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