discuss spatiotemporal distribution of temperature and rainfall in ethiopia

This development mainly happens in July in Ethiopia and the Horn causingvariability and seasonality.The ITCZ shifts towards south of equator (Tropic of Capricorn) in January. Spatiotemporal Patterns and Distribution of Temperature and Rainfall in Ethiopia, 5.5. 2014). For instance, the mean annual rainfall distribution ranges from > 2000 mm over the southwestern highlands to a minimum of < 300 mm over the southeastern and northwestern lowlands.

WebEthiopias daily temperatures are more extreme than its annual averages. As the shift takesplace, equatorial westerlies from the south and southwest invade most parts of Ethiopia bringingmoist winds.However, these winds decrease the length of rainy seasons and magnitudes on the line of theshift. Afar and parts ofEritrean coastal areas experience rainfall in this period. WebThis page presents Ethiopia's climate context for the current climatology, 1991-2020, derived from observed, historical data. Likewise, as presented in Table2, the distribution of annual rainfall has shown to be very low with high PCI. In order to determine the variability, heterogeneity and concentration of rainfall in time and space, the PCI was employed. It is one of the most widely used non-parametric statistical tests to check the trend of randomness against the detection of trends over time (Mann 1945; Kendall 1975). In autumn the ITCZ shiftstowards the equator weakening the equatorial westerlies. The rainfall and temperature daily records over 35 years (19802014) for the Beressa watershed were obtained from the National Meteorological Service Agency of Ethiopia from seven stations; hence rainfall on a monthly, seasonal and annual basis were derived from the daily data. Daily maximumtemperature varies from a high of more than 37oC over the lowlands in northeast and southeast toa low of about 10oC-15oC over the northwestern and southwestern highlands. 2005). Precipitation projections indicate increased mean precipitation with more frequent extreme rainfall during monsoon season in the EH region, and a wetter cold season in the WH region. All the given crops show considerably high correlation with belg rainfall. Conversely, the southeasterlies from the Indian Ocean provide rain to the highlands ofSomalia, and to the central and southeastern lowlands and highlands of Ethiopia. In the last few decades, incidence of climate change related hazards have manifested in the form of recurrent drought, erosive rain, rainfall variability and flood events (Kenabatho et al. Here are the average temperatures. 2010). During the winter season, the Redsea escarpments and some parts of the Afar region receive their main rain. Basic climatic parameters such as temperature, rainfall, relative humidity, wind, evapotranspiration, and aridity are considered and their spatial distribution is analyzed. It is the second largest zone covering more than 26% of the landmass of Ethiopia. However, inEthiopia, as it is a highland country, tropical temperature conditions have no full spatialcoverage. ochsner obgyn residents // discuss spatiotemporal distribution of temperature and rainfall in ethiopia Winter (December, January and February)In winter, the overhead sun is far south of equator. Information should be used to build a strong understanding of current climate conditions in order to appreciate future climate scenarios and projected change. The percentage changes in maximum temperature were found to be at a minimum (4.00%) and maximum (37.60%) in the GIN and ENW stations respectively. Southeastern lowlands of Ethiopia receive rain during autumn and spring seasons when both the northeasterlies and equatorial westerlies are weak. However, some parts of thecountry enjoy a temperate climate. Both duration and amount ofrainfall decreases as we move from southwest to north and eastwards. For this purpose, SST and rainfall data were used to study a wide range of inhomogeneous areas in Ethiopia with uneven distribution of rainfall for both summer (1951–2015) and spring Precipitation projections indicate increased mean precipitation with more frequent extreme rainfall during monsoon season in the EH region, and a wetter cold season in the WH region. 1982; Burn & Elnur 2002; Yue et al. As can be seen from this figure, during the summer (kiremit) season the distribution of rainfall is slightly better than the spring and winter season, and varies from 4595 and 1231 mm/season respectively. WebThis zone has warmer temperature and moderate rainfall. Likewise, the magnitude of increasing trends of maximum temperature were observed in all stations with a minimum value of 0.023 C/year in GIN station and a maximum value of 0.21 C/year in ENW station. The Sen's slope estimator was employed after Mann-Kendal test statistics in order to determine the change and variability of rainfall and temperature trends through time series. The data is mostly observed station data supplemented by bias-corrected AgMERRA climate data. For instance, during the years 19811984, the trend of annual rainfall was lower than the mean long-term rainfall, although slight recovery was shown between 1985 and 1986. For most developing countries of the world, agriculture is the basis of the economy. Over the past decades, the minimum and maximum average temperature of Ethiopia have increased by about 0.25 and 0.1 C, respectively. ochsner obgyn residents // discuss spatiotemporal distribution of temperature and rainfall in ethiopia Similarly, a significantly upward trend of maximum temperature was observed in all stations varying from 0.023 C/year and 4.00% in GIN station with a maximum value of 0.21 C/year and 37.60% in ENW station. The guidelines for interpretation are presented in Table1. Significantly, the increasing long-term annual minimum and maximum temperature during the study periods indicates that it is more likely this would contribute to the increase of mean annual temperature. Farming communities should be involved in beehive, irrigation, and small-scale trade activities. WebExplicate the spatiotemporal patterns and distribution of temperature and rainfall in Ethiopia, Analyse climate and its implications on biophysical and socioeconomicaspects, Comprehend the causes, consequences andresponse mechanisms of climate change. The rate and variability of increasing temperature have dramatically increased, making it more difficult for local communities to foresee the intensity and magnitude of temperature even for the next few years. 2005). 2005; Batisani & Yarnal 2010; Randell & Gray 2016). Backed with rising consumer demands.. In the year 1987, the incidence of annual rainfall recorded the lowest amount. In Ethiopia, as in allplaces in the tropics, the air is frost free and changes in solar angles are small making intensesolar radiation. Therefore, in order to know the yields, annual rainfall is less important for prediction. The value of the fixed subset is hence moved forward, in order to create a number of new subsets, known as average. Overall, the five years moving average trend of average annual temperature of the study watershed is increasing by about 0.95 C. Water harvesting is particularly important for less rainy seasons and integrated water management, and will provide supplementary irrigation during deficits. 2012; Fazzini et al. Hydro-meteorological instrumentation: For monitoring of quality data, which would be an early warning system, forecasting/projection and disaster response with timely information. The aim of the study was to examine the spatiotemporal variability and trends of rainfall and temperature in the northeast highlands of Ethiopia. WebEthiopia. Five years moving average rainfall (19802014). Therefore, in order to reduce the bottleneck for food insecurity in the short-term, long-term coping and adaptation strategies need to be attempted. This is probably due to the fluctuation and variability of the seasonal and inter-annual rainfall pattern of the Beressa watershed during the last few decades, as indicated in Table3, which is similar to other studies (Muhire & Ahmed 2015; Zhao et al. Autumn (September, October and November)Autumnis the season of the year between summer and winter. After total observation of the 35-year period, a record 16 years (45.7%) were lower than the total annual rainfall of the area. In Ethiopia, the spatial distribution of rainfall and temperature varies widely (Regassa et al. The variation in the amount of solar radiation received daily is small throughout the year. Several factors are known to regulate Ethiopia's climate.

Cattle and sheep are the dominant types of livestock, but goats, horses, and chickens are also common in the area. 2013). Water Resources Potentials and Development in Ethiopia, CHAPTER FIVE THE CLIMATE OF ETHIOPIA AND THE HORN, 5.2. Therefore, increased sensitivity and vulnerability to food shortages and hence malnutrition are related to a prolonged increase in climatic variability. It is the second largest zone covering more than 26% of the landmass of Ethiopia. Before this period, the maximum temperature was 19.40 C and the minimum temperature was 6.20 C, with an average temperature of 12.80 C, while the time series maximum temperature has increased to 20.50 C and the minimum temperature has increased to 7 C, with an average temperature recorded of 13.75 C (Figure3). These are: i. For instance, the mean annual rainfall distribution ranges from > 2000 mm over the southwestern highlands to a minimum of < 300 mm over the southeastern and northwestern lowlands. The High altitudesand the windward side experience such rainfall amount.ii. Based on these observations, the rainfall pattern and distribution of the area could be classified as irregular and erratic distribution. The belg (spring) season manifested by a short rainy season covers three months (MarchMay) and the dry season known as bega (winter) runs from October to February. 2012). WebThe period from March to May, as often happens in Ethiopia, is the warmest of the year, albeit by a few degrees. Search for other works by this author on: Journal of Water and Climate Change (2019) 10 (4): 799817. The interpretation of the PCI value, as suggested by Oliver (1980), is shown in Table1.

For instance, unlikeother parts of Ethiopia, the southern and southwestern highlands experience reducedtemperature. 1.1. 2014), due to industrialization, anthropogenic emission of different poisonous gases has increased and caused the world's surface temperature to rise by about 1 C. WebThe period from March to May, as often happens in Ethiopia, is the warmest of the year, albeit by a few degrees. In Ethiopia and elsewhere in the Horn,temperature shows seasonal variations. It lies between 1500-2,300 meters above sea level. doi: https://doi.org/10.2166/wcc.2018.064.

Therefore, correlation between monthly, seasonal rainfall and crop production are insufficient to conclude the impact of variability of rainfall and temperature on crop production. Our analysis is focused on describing spatial and temporal variability of rainfall in the study area including detection of trends, with no attempt at providing meteorological explanations to any of the patterns or trends. The Geological Time Scale and Age Dating Techniques, 2.4.

In the tropics, the daily range of temperature is higher and theannual range is small, whereas the reverse is true in the temperate latitudes. For example, months from March to June in Ethiopiahave records of highest temperatures. The trend of increasing maximum temperature is stronger than the minimum temperature. Summer rainfall regionThis region comprises almost all parts of the country, except the southeastern and northeasternlowlands. Significantly, an increasing trend in minimum temperature was observed with a minimum value of 0.005 C/year in GIN station to a maximum value of 0.12 C/year in DBS station.

The most common types of soil are Cambisols (locally called Abolse), Vertisols (Merere), Andosols, Fluvisols and Regosols. Likewise, in the last 50 years the rainfall pattern has manifested as highly variable and volatile (Wu et al. When the tropical depression is observed in the SWIO, the daily rainfall is significantly decreased. The significant increasing trend of mean annual temperature (Table4) was found in all stations; with the trend magnitude varying from 0.03 to 0.14 C/year respectively. The magnitude of increasing trends in kiremit season rainfall varied between 0.33 mm/year and a percentage change of 6.13% (DBS station) to 1.62 mm/year and 31.79% (DB). The percentage changes in minimum temperature were found to be at minimum (1.90%) and maximum (52.40%) in GIN and DBS stations, respectively. The temperature and rainfall of this category is highly suitable for majority of crops grown in Ethiopia. Explore historical and projected climate data, climate data by sector, impacts, key vulnerabilities and what adaptation measures are being taken.

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Rainfall is a crucial factor for managing Ethiopian water resources Ethiopiahave records of temperatures... Very low with high PCI of these seven stations are presented in Table2 ; Burn & 2002... Regulate Ethiopia 's climate has become the greatest barrier to achieving the Millennium Development with...

The moving average is possibly acquired by considering the initial subset average. discuss spatiotemporal distribution of temperature and rainfall in ethiopia happy to be a part of the team synonym 2023 "Moroni's America" - The North Thus temperature, as it is affected by altitude, decreasestowards the interior highlands. The intensity and trend of climatic variability of the study watershed during the last decades matches with the country- and global-level conditions; it is a cause for drastic changes in various hydrological parameters (i.e. Information should be used to build a strong understanding of current climate conditions in order to appreciate future climate scenarios and projected change. Additionally, studies of rainfall and temperature variations in larger areas would in general be of little use for local level agricultural production (Gebre et al. Explore the overview for a general context of how climate change is affecting Ethiopia. Figure5 shows the spatiotemporal distribution of mean annual, minimum and maximum temperatures of the Beressa watershed. Therefore, there were no gaps in the data series. **10% level of significance. In the years to come the adverse effect of global warming will increase unless solution oriented problem solving mechanisms are put into practice (Kumar et al. Precipitation projections indicate increased mean precipitation with more frequent extreme rainfall during monsoon season in the EH region, and a wetter cold season in the WH region. Even though the rainfall indicates seasonal and inter-annual variability, the area is characterized by a bimodal rainfall regime, with maximum rainfall concentration during kiremit (summer) season, which extends from June to September. Investigating the influence of sea surface temperatures (SSTs) on seasonal rainfall is a crucial factor for managing Ethiopian water resources. Given the prolonged variability of rainfall and temperature in time and space, to reduce the susceptibility of the community, short- and long-term coping and adaptation strategies are required as discussed below. However, there is a slight temperature increase in summer. The convergence of Northeast Trade winds and the Equatorial Westerlies forms theITCZ, which is a low-pressure zone.The inter-annual oscillation of the surface position of theITCZ causes a variation in the Wind flow patterns over Ethiopia and the Horn. The positive values shows the upward trends while, the negative values indicates decreasing trends. During this season, Northeasterly windsoriginating from the landmass of Asia dominantly prevail Ethiopian landmass. Latitude,humidity and winds, with varying magnitude have also significant impacts on temperatureconditions in Ethiopia. This holds true in both the highlands and lowlands. Investigating the influence of sea surface temperatures (SSTs) on seasonal rainfall is a crucial factor for managing Ethiopian water resources. The annual minimum temperature had a significantly increasing trend with the value varying from 0.005 C/year and 1.90% in GIN station to 0.12 C/year and 52.40% in the DBS station. To determine the weighting the following general formula was employed (, Adapting to Climate Change: Natural Resource Management and Vulnerability Reduction, Background paper to the Task Force on Climate Change, Adaptation and Vulnerable Communities, Coping with drought among pastoral and agro-pastoral communities in eastern Ethiopia, Climate change adaptation strategies in Sub-Saharan Africa: foundations for the future, Climate Change-Realities, Impacts Over Ice Cap, Sea Level and Risks, Beyond the Famine: an Examination of the Issues Behind Famine in Ethiopia, International Institute for Relief and Development and Food for the Hungry International, Trend and variability of rainfall in Tigray, northern Ethiopia: analysis of meteorological data and farmers perception, Trending regional precipitation distribution and intensity: use of climatic indices, Trend analysis of rainfall and temperature data for India, Crop switching as a strategy for adapting to climate change, Annual rainfall and potential evapotranspiration in Ethiopia, Climate Change and Adaptation Options in Karamoja, Centennial rainfall variation in semi arid and tropical humid environments in the cardamom hill slopes, southern Western Ghats, India, Micro-level Analysis of Farmers Adaption to Climate Change in Southern Africa, International Food Policy Research Institute, Climate Change 2014: Synthesis Report. Daily maximum temperature varies from a high of more than 37oC over the lowlands in northeast and southeast to a low of about 10oC-15oC over the northwestern and southwestern highlands. The correlation between rainfall during the months of MaySeptember and crops has a positive relationship, except in the cases of beans, peas and chickpeas, which are inversely correlated with rainfall during the month of June. Based on the MannKendall test (Zmk) results, the mean annual temperature revealed a statistically significant increasing trend in five stations (two stations at 5% significance level and three stations at 10% significance level).

Sponsored Schools. Global warming is a significant global environmental problem in the 21st century. The magnitude of significant decreasing trend was observed in HG station (at 8.62 mm/year and 27.88%). For instance, the mean annual rainfall distribution ranges from > 2000 mm over the southwestern highlands to a minimum of < 300 mm over the southeastern and northwestern lowlands. The temperature and rainfall of this category is highly suitable for majority of crops grown in Ethiopia. It lies between 1500-2,300 meters above sea level. Therefore, it can be concluded that during the last 35 years there have been continuous changes and variations of climatic variables in the watershed. Months in summer gainhighest rainfall whereas the winter months receive the reduced amount. Correlation between crop production, and rainfall and temperature (19972014). If so, you are the right place. Five years moving average temperature (19802014). The results revealed that the magnitude of significantly increasing trend and variability was observed in mean annual rainfall for DB station (at 0.28 mm/year and 1.07%). The aim of the study was to examine the spatiotemporal variability and trends of rainfall and temperature in the northeast highlands of Ethiopia. discuss spatiotemporal distribution of temperature and rainfall in ethiopia. Global warming has become the greatest barrier to achieving the Millennium Development Goal with respect to decreasing food insecurity. (2012) found that due to global climate change the eastern part of Africa, including Ethiopia, was drying out. In this regard, the precipitation concentration index (PCI) is a widely used method employed by many scholars across the globe (Oliver 1980; Apaydin et al. Journal of Water and Climate Change 1 December 2019; 10 (4): 799817. However, although precipitation variabilities and drought occurrences in Ethiopia are primarily linked to fluctuations in pressure gradient and sea surface temperature (SST), there are variations overtime with regard to the specific locations of ocean surfaces causing weather anomalies in the country. Following theposition of the overhead sun, the ITCZ shifts north and south of the equator. Others have focused on specific topics, particularly climate change and its effects (Fazzini et al.

Here are the average temperatures. Reasons that make CRM systems important: Why Zoho CRM is in the hype now. The possible reason may be monthly, sub-monthly time scale, temporal and spatial distribution of rainfall and temperature, which are determinant factors of production. WebExplicate the spatiotemporal patterns and distribution of temperature and rainfall in Ethiopia, Analyse climate and its implications on biophysical and socioeconomicaspects, Comprehend the causes, consequences andresponse mechanisms of climate change. It is the second largest zone covering more than 26% of the landmass of Ethiopia. Although the correlation coefficients of crop production and climatic variables are positive, in terms of statistical significance most of them show insignificant correlationexcept barley and wheat, which are significantly correlated with belg, kiremit season and during the month of May. 2009). Climate Change/Global Warming: Causes, Consequences and Response Mechanisms, CHAPTER SIX SOILS, NATURAL VEGETATION AND WILDLIFE RESOURCES OF ETHIOPIA AND THE HORN. The statistics of the MK test on seasonal as well as annual rainfall, and minimum and maximum temperatures for the Beressa watershed, are presented in Tables3 and 4 respectively. Saving institutions: Promoting the habit of saving can help guarantee that farm communities deal with climate variability; household income per-head determines how far the communities can cope with climatic variability and shocks. Daily maximum temperature varies from a high of more than 37oC over the lowlands in northeast and southeast to a low of about 10oC-15oC over the northwestern and southwestern highlands. WebThis study assessed the historical (19832005) and future (20262100) rainfall, maximum temperature (Tmax), and minimum temperature (Tmin) trends of the Ziway Lake Basin (Ethiopia). 2005). In a study by Mekasha et al. 2010). Management of grazing land, such as through cut and carry feeding systems, can help to mitigate and adapt to climate change and variability. Also important are promoting high-yield and disease-resistant crops, and having new and higher-bred animals. The mean annual temperature varied between 13 and 15.5 C, and the annual minimum and maximum temperature varied between 5 and 9.5 C, respectively. The south-easterlies bring rainfall from the IndianOcean. During this season, the south easterliesfrom Indian ocean showers the lowlands in southeastern part of Ethiopia.iii. (2013), in southern Australia's Onkaparinga subcatchment and catchment, monthly rainfall heterogeneity was tested using PCI and interannual and seasonal variability of PCI was observed. For this purpose, SST and rainfall data were used to study a wide range of inhomogeneous areas in Ethiopia with uneven distribution of rainfall for both summer (1951–2015) and spring The percentage changes in maximum temperature were found to be at a minimum (4.00%) and maximum (37.60%) in the GIN and ENW Most of the studies about rainfall and temperature characteristics are limited by short-term and long-term time series available for most parts of the regions. 2010). Summary statistic of MKs test (Zmk), Sen's Slope estimator () and change in % change of mean annual, annual minimum and annual maximum temperature (19802014).

Daspal Technology Services. 5.1 The spatial distribution pattern of annual and seasonal rainfall for the Beressa watershed is shown in Figure4. 2016). A positive trend for kiremit season rainfall showed in all stations and the trend of rainfall during belg season revealed a positive trend in six out of seven stations. WebThe period from March to May, as often happens in Ethiopia, is the warmest of the year, albeit by a few degrees.

The details of these seven stations are presented in Table2. Summary statistic of MKs test (Zmk), Sen's Slope estimator () and change in % of annual and seasonal rainfall (19802014). Daspal Technology caters unique and robust e-commerce solutions to drive extensive growth.. Are you in search of the best healthcare support services? Barley, wheat, horse beans, field peas, lentils and chickpeas are commonly grown crops. The PCI was used as an indicator of concentration and variability of rainfall was obtained as follows (, The trends derived from the MannKendall (S) statistic test are used to detect normalized, These test statistics represent the difference between positive and negative difference. 2015; Wagesho & Yohannes 2016). 2014). At the annual scale, maximum and minimum temperatures significantly increased in over 33% of the Basin at a rate of 0.1 and 0.15 C per decade, respectively; however, the western part (12%) of. The temperature and rainfall of this category is highly suitable for majority of crops grown in Ethiopia. Therefore, this study was undertaken with the main objectives of spatiotemporal analysis of climatic parameters (rainfall and temperature) and its impact on crop production using various analysis techniques. Mean annual minimum and maximum temperatures increased from 12.69 to 13.32 C and 26.43 to 26.91 C from 1981 to 2010, respectively. Winter rainfall regionThis rainfall region receives rain from the northeasterly winds. After visual identification of the outliers, each of the values was obtained using a normal ratio technique. 2008; Subash et al. On the basis of the results obtained from the MK test (Zmk), it is vital to discuss the intensity and magnitude on the economical and socio-ecological impacts of climatic variability in the Beressa watershed if the seasonal rainfall variability continuously increases in the future. WebThis study assessed the historical (19832005) and future (20262100) rainfall, maximum temperature (Tmax), and minimum temperature (Tmin) trends of the Ziway Lake Basin (Ethiopia). In line with Rashid et al. Temperature variability showed significantly in the Beressa watershed during the 35-year period. Generally, the climate is controlled by the Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ) and has a clear bimodal rainfall pattern: the rainy season is from June to September, and the dry season is from October to April. 2014). According to, In the process of determining the trend magnitude and variability of rainfall and temperature throughout long-term time series, Sen's slope estimators was a widely used method (. 5.3.1. The annual rainfall distribution is also variable in time and space.